// Copyright 2015 Citra Emulator Project
// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
// Refer to the license.txt file included.

#pragma once

#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "common/common_types.h"

#include "core/hle/result.h"

namespace Kernel {

enum class VMAType : u8 {
    /// VMA represents an unmapped region of the address space.
    Free,
    /// VMA is backed by a ref-counted allocate memory block.
    AllocatedMemoryBlock,
    /// VMA is backed by a raw, unmanaged pointer.
    BackingMemory,
    /// VMA is mapped to MMIO registers at a fixed PAddr.
    MMIO,
    // TODO(yuriks): Implement MemoryAlias to support MAP/UNMAP
};

/// Permissions for mapped memory blocks
enum class VMAPermission : u8 {
    None = 0,
    Read = 1,
    Write = 2,
    Execute = 4,

    ReadWrite = Read | Write,
    ReadExecute = Read | Execute,
    WriteExecute = Write | Execute,
    ReadWriteExecute = Read | Write | Execute,
};

/// Set of values returned in MemoryInfo.state by svcQueryMemory.
enum class MemoryState : u8 {
    Free = 0,
    Reserved = 1,
    IO = 2,
    Static = 3,
    Code = 4,
    Private = 5,
    Shared = 6,
    Continuous = 7,
    Aliased = 8,
    Alias = 9,
    AliasCode = 10,
    Locked = 11,
};

/**
 * Represents a VMA in an address space. A VMA is a contiguous region of virtual addressing space
 * with homogeneous attributes across its extents. In this particular implementation each VMA is
 * also backed by a single host memory allocation.
 */
struct VirtualMemoryArea {
    /// Virtual base address of the region.
    VAddr base = 0;
    /// Size of the region.
    u32 size = 0;

    VMAType type = VMAType::Free;
    VMAPermission permissions = VMAPermission::None;
    /// Tag returned by svcQueryMemory. Not otherwise used.
    MemoryState meminfo_state = MemoryState::Free;

    // Settings for type = AllocatedMemoryBlock
    /// Memory block backing this VMA.
    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> backing_block = nullptr;
    /// Offset into the backing_memory the mapping starts from.
    u32 offset = 0;

    // Settings for type = BackingMemory
    /// Pointer backing this VMA. It will not be destroyed or freed when the VMA is removed.
    u8* backing_memory = nullptr;

    // Settings for type = MMIO
    /// Physical address of the register area this VMA maps to.
    PAddr paddr = 0;

    /// Tests if this area can be merged to the right with `next`.
    bool CanBeMergedWith(const VirtualMemoryArea& next) const;
};

/**
 * Manages a process' virtual addressing space. This class maintains a list of allocated and free
 * regions in the address space, along with their attributes, and allows kernel clients to
 * manipulate it, adjusting the page table to match.
 *
 * This is similar in idea and purpose to the VM manager present in operating system kernels, with
 * the main difference being that it doesn't have to support swapping or memory mapping of files.
 * The implementation is also simplified by not having to allocate page frames. See these articles
 * about the Linux kernel for an explantion of the concept and implementation:
 *  - http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/how-the-kernel-manages-your-memory/
 *  - http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/page-cache-the-affair-between-memory-and-files/
 */
class VMManager {
    // TODO(yuriks): Make page tables switchable to support multiple VMManagers
public:
    /**
     * The maximum amount of address space managed by the kernel. Addresses above this are never used.
     * @note This is the limit used by the New 3DS kernel. Old 3DS used 0x20000000.
     */
    static const u32 MAX_ADDRESS = 0x40000000;

    /**
     * A map covering the entirety of the managed address space, keyed by the `base` field of each
     * VMA. It must always be modified by splitting or merging VMAs, so that the invariant
     * `elem.base + elem.size == next.base` is preserved, and mergeable regions must always be
     * merged when possible so that no two similar and adjacent regions exist that have not been
     * merged.
     */
    std::map<VAddr, VirtualMemoryArea> vma_map;
    using VMAHandle = decltype(vma_map)::const_iterator;

    VMManager();

    /// Clears the address space map, re-initializing with a single free area.
    void Reset();

    /// Finds the VMA in which the given address is included in, or `vma_map.end()`.
    VMAHandle FindVMA(VAddr target) const;

    // TODO(yuriks): Should these functions actually return the handle?

    /**
     * Maps part of a ref-counted block of memory at a given address.
     *
     * @param target The guest address to start the mapping at.
     * @param block The block to be mapped.
     * @param offset Offset into `block` to map from.
     * @param size Size of the mapping.
     * @param state MemoryState tag to attach to the VMA.
     */
    ResultVal<VMAHandle> MapMemoryBlock(VAddr target, std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> block,
            u32 offset, u32 size, MemoryState state);

    /**
     * Maps an unmanaged host memory pointer at a given address.
     *
     * @param target The guest address to start the mapping at.
     * @param memory The memory to be mapped.
     * @param size Size of the mapping.
     * @param state MemoryState tag to attach to the VMA.
     */
    ResultVal<VMAHandle> MapBackingMemory(VAddr target, u8* memory, u32 size, MemoryState state);

    /**
     * Maps a memory-mapped IO region at a given address.
     *
     * @param target The guest address to start the mapping at.
     * @param paddr The physical address where the registers are present.
     * @param size Size of the mapping.
     * @param state MemoryState tag to attach to the VMA.
     */
    ResultVal<VMAHandle> MapMMIO(VAddr target, PAddr paddr, u32 size, MemoryState state);

    /// Unmaps the given VMA.
    void Unmap(VMAHandle vma);

    /// Changes the permissions of the given VMA.
    void Reprotect(VMAHandle vma, VMAPermission new_perms);

private:
    using VMAIter = decltype(vma_map)::iterator;

    /// Converts a VMAHandle to a mutable VMAIter.
    VMAIter StripIterConstness(const VMAHandle& iter);

    /**
     * Carves a VMA of a specific size at the specified address by splitting Free VMAs while doing
     * the appropriate error checking.
     */
    ResultVal<VMAIter> CarveVMA(VAddr base, u32 size);

    /**
     * Splits a VMA in two, at the specified offset.
     * @returns the right side of the split, with the original iterator becoming the left side.
     */
    VMAIter SplitVMA(VMAIter vma, u32 offset_in_vma);

    /**
     * Checks for and merges the specified VMA with adjacent ones if possible.
     * @returns the merged VMA or the original if no merging was possible.
     */
    VMAIter MergeAdjacent(VMAIter vma);

    /// Updates the pages corresponding to this VMA so they match the VMA's attributes.
    void UpdatePageTableForVMA(const VirtualMemoryArea& vma);
};

}
